HISTORY OF ORIGAMI
Origami ( "ori" meaning "folding", and "kami" meaning "paper" ) is the traditional Japanese folk art of paper folding, which started in 17th century AD and was popularized in the mid-1900s. Japanese origami began sometime after Buddhist monks carried paper to Japan during the 6th century.
The first Japanese origami is dated from this period and was used for
religious ceremonial purposes only, due to the high price of paper. Then, origami evolved into a modern art form. The goal of this art to transform a flat sheet of material into a finished sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques, and the use of cuts and glue are not considered to be origami.
Origami can be combined in variety of ways to make intricate designs. The most well known origami model is is probably Japanese paper crane. In general, these designs begin with a square sheet of paper those whose sides may be different colors or prints. Traditional Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo era around 1603-1867, has often been less strict about these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start with.
- a photo of origami crane
The earliest evidence of paper folding in Europe ia a picture of a small paper boat in Tractatus de sphaera mundi from 1490 and also evidence of a cut folded paper box from 1440. It is probable paper folding in the west originated with the Moors much earlier, it is not known if it was independently discovered or knowledge of origami came along the silk route.
- small boat
In Japan, the earliest unambiguous reference to a paper model is in a short poem by Ihara Saikaku in 1680 which describes paper butterflies in a dream. Origami butterflies used during the celebration of Shinto weddings to represent the bride and groom, so paper folding already become a significant aspect of Japanese ceremony. Samurai warriors would exchange gift adorned with noshi, a sort of good luck token made of folded strips paper. Origami is such a sport in Japan. Every year, an origami tournament called Yaru Sano Origami is held in Kyoto.
- small box can be creat using origami technique
In the early 1900s, Akira Yoshizawa, Kosho Uchiyama, and others began creating and recording original origami works. Akira Yoshizawa in particular was responsible for a number of innovations, such as wet-folding and the Yoshizawa-Randlett diagram system.Today the popularity of origami has given rise to origami societies such as the British Origami Society and OrigamiUSA. During the 1980s, a number of folder started systematically studying the mathematical properties of folded forms, which led to steady increase in the complexity of origami models, which is continued well into the 2990s, after which some designers started returning to simpler forms.
TECHNIQUE AND MATERIAL OF MAKING ORIGAMI
The contents in most origami books with a description of basic origami techniques which are used to construct the models. These include simple diagrams of basic folds like valley and mountain folds, pleats, reverse folds, squash folds, and sinks. There are standard named bases which are used in a wide variety of models.
- Techniques
Almost any laminar material can be used for folding. The only requirement is that it should hold a crease.
- Material (Origami paper)
Origami paper is sold in prepackaged squared of various sizes ranging from 2.5 cm to 25 cm or more. Commonly, colored on one side and white on the other however, dual coloured and patterned versions are exist and can be used effectively. Origami paper weighs slightly less than copy paper, making it suitable for wider range of models.
Normal copy paper with weight of 70-90 g/m2 can be used for simple folds. Heavier weight papers of 100 g/m2 or more can be wet-folded. This technique allows for more rounded sculpting of the model, which becomes rigid and sturdy when it is dry.
Foil-backed paper, just as its name implies, is a sheet of thin foil glued to a sheet of thin paper. Related to this is tissue foil, which is made by gluing a thin piece of tissue paper to kitchen aluminium foil. A second piece of tissue can be glued onto the reverse side to produce a tissue/foil/ tissue sandwich. Foil-backed paper is available commercially, but not tissue foil it must be handmade. Both types of foil materials are suitable for complex models.
Washi is the traditional origami used in Japan.Washi is generally tougher than ordinary paper made from wood pulp,ans is used in many traditional arts. Washi is commonly made using fibres from the bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub, or the paper muberry but also can be made using bamboo, hemp, rice and wheat.
Artisan paper such as unryu, lokta, hanji, gampi,kozo, saa, and abaca have long fibres and often extremely strong.As these paper are floppy to start with, they are often backcoated or resized with methylcellulose or wheat paste before folding.The papers also thin and compressible,allowing for thin narrowed limbs as in the case of insect models.
Towels and toilet paper are often used by hotel staff to indicate to guests that the bathroom has been cleaned.
Paper money is also popular to create origami with this is known variously as Dollar Origami, Orikane, and Money Origami.
Commonly folds using a flat surface but some folders like doing it in the air with no tools when display the folding. However a couple of tools can be help especially with the more complex models. For instance, a bone folder allows sharp creases to be made in the paper easily, paper clips can act as extra pairs or fingers, and tweezers used to make small folds. When making complex models from origami crease patterns, its help by using ruler and ballpoint embosser to score the creases.Completed models can be sprayed so they keep their shape better, and of course a spray is needed when wet folding.
- Tools
TYPES OF ORIGAMI
- Action Origami
Origami not only covers still-life, there are also moving objects.Origami can move in many clever ways. Action origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete or when complete, uses the kinetic energy of a person's hands, applied at a certain region on the model, to move another flap or limb. Some argue that, strictly speaking, only the latter is really "recognized" as action origami. Action origami, first appearing with the traditional Japanese flapping bird, is quite common. One example is Robert Lang's instrumentalists when the figures' heads are pulled away from their bodies, their hands will move, resembling the playing of music.
- origami can make a move
- Modular Origami
Modular origami consists of putting number of identical pieces together to form a complete model. Most of the modular origami models are decorative balls like kusudama.
Chinese paper folding includes a 3D origami styles where large number of pieces are put together to make elaborate models. Money also used for the modules. This style originated from some Chinese refugees while they were detained in America and is also called Golden Venture folding from the ship they come on.
- example of modular origami
- Wet-folding
Wet-folding in origami technique is for producing models with gentle curves rather than geometric straight folds and flat surfaces. The paper is dampened so it can be moulded easily, the final model keeps its shape when it dries. It can be used for instance to produce natural looking animal models.
- Origami Tessellations
This branch of origami is popular recently, but has an extensive history. Tessellations refer to the tiling of the plane where a collection of 2 dimensional figures fill a plane with no gaps or overlaps. Origami tessellation are tessellations made from flat material, most often paper, but it can be from anything that holds a crease. The history of costuming includes tessellations done in fabric that are recorded as far as the Egyptian Tombs.
Technical origami known as origami sekkei, is a field of origmi that has developed almost hand-in-hand with the fieldof mathematical origami.With advances in origami mathematics however, the basic structure of a new origami model can be theoretically plotted by Robert Lang, Meguro Toshiyuki and others, and allows for the creation of extremely complex multi-limbed models such as many-legged centipedes, human figures with a full complement of fingers and toes, and the like.
The main staring point for such technical designs is the crease pattern (often abbreviated as CP), which is essentially the layout of the creases required to form the final model.Although not intended as a substitute for diagrams, folding from crease patterns is staring to gain in popularity, partly because of the challenge of being able to 'crack' the pattern , and also partly because the crease pattern is often the only resource available to fold given model, should the designer choose not to produce diagrams. Still, there are many cases in which designers wish to sequence the steps of their models but lack the means to design clear diagrams. Such origami occasionally resort to the Sequenced Crease Pattern (abbreviated as SCP) which is a set of crease patterns showing the crease up to each respective fold. The SCP eliminates the need for diagramming programs or artistic ability while maintaining the step-by-step process for other folder to see. Another name for the Sequenced CreasePattern is the Progressive Crease Pattern (PCP).
Paradoxically enough, when origami designers come up with a crease pattern for a new design, the majority of the smaller creases are relatively unimportant and added only toward the completion of the crease pattern. What is more important is the allocation of regions of the paper and how these are mapped to the structure of the object being designed. For a specific class of origami bases known as 'uniaxial bases', the pattern of allocations is referred to as the 'circle-packing'. Using optimization algorithms, a circle-packing figure can be computed for any uniaxial base of arbitrary complexity. Once is not a unique mathematical process, hence it is possible for two designs to have the same circle-packing, and yet different crease pattern structures.
As a circle enclosed the minimum amount of area for a given perimeter, circle packing allows for maximum efficiency in terms of paper usage. However, other polygonal shapes can be used to solve the packing as well. The use of polygonal shapes other than circle is often motivated by the desire to find easily located crease (such as multiples of 22.5 degrees) and hence an easier folding sequence as well. One popular offshoot of the circle packing method is box-pleating, where squares are used instead of circles. As a result, the crease pattern that arises from this method contains only 45 and 90 degree angles, which makes for easier folding.
Video that show how to makes origami:-
Fujimoto was an early Japanese origami master who published books that included origami tessellations and in the 1960s there was a great exploration of tessellations by Ron Resch. Chris Palmer is an artist who has extensively explored tessellations and has found ways to create detailed origami tessellations out of silk. Robert Lang and Alex Bateman are designers who use computer programs to design origami tessellations.
The problem rigid origami such as "if we replaced the paper with sheet metal and had hinges in place of the crease lines, could we still fold the model?" has great practical importance.
- Origami Tessellations
In Kirigami it is allowed to make cuts. In traditional Origaim, there was no Kirigami. Kirigami was simply called Origami. Just in recent century, the term Kirigami developed in order to distinguish it from "pure Origami".
- Kirigami
MATHEMATIC AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Practice and study of origami encapsulates several subject of mathematical interest. The problem of flat-foldability has been a topic of considerable mathematical study.
The problem rigid origami such as "if we replaced the paper with sheet metal and had hinges in place of the crease lines, could we still fold the model?" has great practical importance.
TECHNICAL ORIGAMI
The main staring point for such technical designs is the crease pattern (often abbreviated as CP), which is essentially the layout of the creases required to form the final model.Although not intended as a substitute for diagrams, folding from crease patterns is staring to gain in popularity, partly because of the challenge of being able to 'crack' the pattern , and also partly because the crease pattern is often the only resource available to fold given model, should the designer choose not to produce diagrams. Still, there are many cases in which designers wish to sequence the steps of their models but lack the means to design clear diagrams. Such origami occasionally resort to the Sequenced Crease Pattern (abbreviated as SCP) which is a set of crease patterns showing the crease up to each respective fold. The SCP eliminates the need for diagramming programs or artistic ability while maintaining the step-by-step process for other folder to see. Another name for the Sequenced CreasePattern is the Progressive Crease Pattern (PCP).
Paradoxically enough, when origami designers come up with a crease pattern for a new design, the majority of the smaller creases are relatively unimportant and added only toward the completion of the crease pattern. What is more important is the allocation of regions of the paper and how these are mapped to the structure of the object being designed. For a specific class of origami bases known as 'uniaxial bases', the pattern of allocations is referred to as the 'circle-packing'. Using optimization algorithms, a circle-packing figure can be computed for any uniaxial base of arbitrary complexity. Once is not a unique mathematical process, hence it is possible for two designs to have the same circle-packing, and yet different crease pattern structures.
As a circle enclosed the minimum amount of area for a given perimeter, circle packing allows for maximum efficiency in terms of paper usage. However, other polygonal shapes can be used to solve the packing as well. The use of polygonal shapes other than circle is often motivated by the desire to find easily located crease (such as multiples of 22.5 degrees) and hence an easier folding sequence as well. One popular offshoot of the circle packing method is box-pleating, where squares are used instead of circles. As a result, the crease pattern that arises from this method contains only 45 and 90 degree angles, which makes for easier folding.
Video that show how to makes origami:-
* This paticular blog for educational purpose only.
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